ABSTRACT: The most widely used method to classify prognostic factors in cancers today is TNM. However, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) often demonstrates different behaviors in relation to aggressiveness and therapeutic response at the same TNM stage. So, in such cases biomarkers can be used to identify the biological diversity of these tumors more reliably, leading to better therapeutic strategies and disease management. The presence of inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment can have pro or antitumor effects and the investigation of the expression of inflammatory markers in OSSC can be usefulto design immunotherapeutic interventions. The Transforming Growth Factor alpha is a potent stimulator of cell migration that acts on cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis of cancer, as well as immune suppression and angiogenesis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as Interferon-gamma, mediate macrophage differentiation. Macrophages are an important component of the OSCC microenvironment. The greater amount of tumor-associated macrophages, especially the M2 phenotype, may be associated with a more aggressive biological behavior of the OSCC and, consequently, with reduced survival.

RESUMEN: El método más utilizado para clasificar los factores de pronóstico en los cánceres en la actualidad es TNM. Sin embargo, el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) a menudo muestra diferentes comportamientos en relación con la agresividad y la respuesta terapéutica en la misma etapa TNM. Entonces, en tales casos, los biomarcadores pueden usarse para identificar la diversidad biológica de estos tumores de manera más confiable, lo que lleva a mejores estrategias terapéuticas y manejo de la enfermedad. La presencia de células inmunes inflamatorias en el microambiente tumoral puede tener efectos pro o antitumorales y la investigación de la expresión de marcadores inflamatorios en COCE puede ser útil para diseñar intervenciones inmunoterapéuticas. El factor de crecimiento transformante α es un potente estimulador de la migración celular que actúa sobre la proliferación celular, la invasión y metástasis del cáncer, así como la inmunosupresión y la angiogénesis. Las citocinas inflamatorias, como el IFN-γ, median en la diferenciación de macrófagos. Los macrófagos son un componente importante del microambiente COCE. La mayor cantidad de macrófagos asociados a tumores, especialmente el fenotipo M2, puede estar asociada a un comportamiento biológico más agresivo del COCE y, en consecuencia, a una menor supervivencia.

ABSTRACT: Dental trauma is a serious injury that occurs frequently in children and adolescents, requiring urgent dental care. The upper central incisors are the most vulnerable teeth to such traumatic injuries, which can lead to bite restrictions, difficulties in phonation and esthetical questions. The aim of this study was to report the success of a conserva tive approach carried out on a 7-year-old patient, victim of multiple dental trauma, involving permanent and deciduous teeth. The male patient fell from his own height, causing soft tissue lacerations and dento-alveolar traumatism in both deciduous and permanent teeth. Complementary examinations (periapical radiographs and computed tomography) were carried out. Based on the diagnoses the patient was referred to specialists for appropriate treatment. The present report highlights the importanc e of an early diagnosis, suitable treatment and follow-up of patients after an alveoli-dental trauma and shows the direct relationship of this approach with the prognosis of the patient and the tooth.

RESUMEN: El trauma dentario es una lesión grave que ocurre con frecuencia en niños y adolescentes y requiere atención dental urgente. Los incisivos centrales superiores son las piezas dentarias más vulnerables a dichos traumas, pudiendo generar restricciones en la mordida, la fonación y a nivel estético. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar el éxito de un enfoque conservador llevado a cabo en un niño de 7 años de edad, víctima de un trauma dentario múltiple, que involucró tanto dientes temporales como permanentes. El paciente masculino, cayó desde su propia altura, causando laceraciones en los tejidos blandos y traumatismo dento- alveolar en piezas de ambas denticiones. Se llevaron a cabo exámenes complementarios (radiografías periapicales y tomografía computarizada). Basado en el diagnóstico, el paciente fue referido a especialistas para realizar el tratamiento apropiado. El presente reporte destaca la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz, un tratamiento adecuado y el seguimiento de los pacientes luego de un trauma dento-alveolar, y cómo este enfoque muestra relación directa con el pronóstico del paciente y del diente.

Resumo Introdução É por meio da interação entre ambiente, indivíduo, sua predisposição à atopia e exposição a alérgenos que surgem as doenças alérgicas. Em crianças atópicas, foi observada uma alta prevalência de padrão respirador bucal, assim como resposta positiva a testes alérgicos. Essas alterações respiratórias possuem uma associação com deformidades orofaciais, especialmente as maloclusões. Objetivo Identificar a frequência de crianças e adolescentes portadores de alergias e buscar uma provável associação entre atopia e maloclusão, traumatismos dentoalveolares e hábitos bucais viciosos. Material e método Foram avaliados prontuários de crianças e adolescentes atendidos em duas instituições particulares de ensino da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no período compreendido entre agosto de 2017 e julho de 2018. Foram coletados dados do prontuário relacionados ao histórico médico, odontológico e de alergias. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente e por meio do teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05). Resultado Um total de 136 prontuários foi considerado elegível para avaliação. Durante a anamnese, 49 responsáveis (36%) relataram histórico de alergias em suas crianças e adolescentes. A prevalência de hábitos bucais viciosos foi verificada em 87 pacientes (64%), sendo presente em 65,3% de crianças e adolescentes que apresentavam atopia (p<0,05). Conclusão A prevalência de alergias relatada nesta população foi de 34,6%, e foi observada ainda uma alta prevalência de hábitos bucais viciosos e traumatismos dentoalveolares nesses pacientes. Foram constatadas associações significativas entre presença de atopias e histórico de traumatismos dentários, maloclusão e hábitos viciosos, demonstrando haver correlação entre atopia e alguns aspectos de saúde oral.

Abstract Introduction Allergic diseases appear through the interaction between the environment, the individual, their predisposition to atopy and exposure to allergens. In atopic children there is a high prevalence of mouth breathers, as well as positive response to allergic prick tests. These respiratory changes have an association with orofacial deformities especially malocclusions. Objective To identify the frequency of children and adolescents that have atopies and search for a probable association between atopy and oral aspects like malocclusion and vicious oral habits. Material and method Medical records were taken of children and adolescents seen at two educational institutions in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period between August 2017 and July 2018. Data were collected from medical records related to medical history, history of atopies and dental history. The data were transmitted descriptively through the chi-square test (p<0.05). Result A total of 136 records were considered eligible for evaluation. During the anamnesis, 49 (36.0%) parents reported a history of atopy in their children adolescents. The prevalence of vicious oral habits was found in 87 children and adolescents (64.0%), being presented in 65.3% of the patients who had atopy (p<0.05). Conclusion It can be observed that the prevalence of atopy reported in this population was 34.6% and there was also a high prevalence of vicious oral habits and dento-alveolar trauma in these patients. Relevant associations between the presence of atopies and history of dental trauma, malocclusion and the presence of oral vicious habits were observed, demonstrating a correlation between atopy and some aspects of oral health.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the factors associated with the occurrence of dental trauma in children up to six years of age and describe the results of clinical follow-up and possible sequelae. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out with data collected from the dental records of 96 pediatric patients up to 6 years old with traumatized primary teeth who sought care from the. Pediatric Dental Trauma project of a private university in the city of Rio de Janeiro from July 2014 to July 2017, and who had clinical and radiographic follow-up for up to three months as of their initial visit. Results: 96 children (58.3% boys and 41.7% girls) included who presented 166 traumatized primary teeth. Intrusion was the most observed type of trauma and in 45.8% of cases, the care occurred one-week post trauma. The maxillary central incisors were the most affected teeth (97.6%). The prognosis of the dental elements with more than 3 months of follow-up was considered favorable, and 59.6% of the teeth did not present any clinical or radiological sequelae. Oral hygiene instruction and monitoring were the most common approaches. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental trauma in the present study was high and occurred mainly in domestic settings. The upper central incisors were the teeth that suffered the most injuries. The presence of patients at follow-up visits was an important factor for the positive result in most cases.

ABSTRACT: Radiotherapy applies ionizing radiation at predetermined doses for a limited period of time in order to destroy tumors. The oral cavity, which has a high rate of cell renewal, is affected by the side effects of radiotherapy including osteoradionecrosis (ORN). This condition occurs due to irradiated bone tissue that becomes devitalized and exposed in the oral cavity. Conservative therapies are recommended for ORN lesions that are not extensive or in an early stage. Surgical intervention is necessary for extensive areas affected by necrosis. This study reports a case of ORN in the left mandibular body which resulted in a pathological fracture. The treatment consisted of segmental mandibulectomy and the use of a reconstruction plate. Also, low-level laser therapy around bone exposure was performed. After surgery, the patient underwent 6 months of follow-up and was satisfied with the outcome. However, the patient died before control of ORN was achieved due to a heart attack.

RESUMEN: La radioterapia aplica radiación ionizante a dosis predeterminadas durante un período de tiempo limitado para destruir tumores. La cavidad oral, que tiene una alta tasa de renovación celular, se ve afectada por los efectos secundarios de la radioterapia, incluida la osteorradionecrosis (ORN). Esta condición se produce debido al tejido óseo irradiado que se desvitaliza y expone en la cavidad oral. Se recomiendan terapias conservadoras para las lesiones de ORN que no son extensas o en una etapa temprana. La intervención quirúrgica es necesaria para áreas extensas afectadas por necrosis. Este estudio reporta un caso de ORN en el cuerpo mandibular izquierdo que resultó en una fractura patológica. El tratamiento consistió en mandibulectomía segmentaria y el uso de una placa de reconstrucción. Además, se realizó una terapia con láser de bajo nivel alrededor de la exposición ósea. Después de la cirugía, el paciente se sometió a 6 meses de seguimiento y quedó satisfecho con el resultado. Sin embargo, el paciente falleció antes de que se lograra el control de ORN debido a un ataque cardíaco.

ABSTRACT Violence against women is a complex phenomenon that causes negative effects on their health. The principle of Levine's Theory of Nursing is to keep or recover a person (the woman who experiences violence) to a state of health (away from violence). OBJECTIVE: To analyze, from the point of view of Levine's Nursing Theory, nursing care for women who have suffered violence. METHOD: Qualitative and descriptive research, carried out in the Family Health Strategy from Rio de Janeiro - Brazil, with eleven nurses who provided care to women living in violence situations, through individual interviews using a semi-structured questions instrument. The Research Ethics Committee from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Municipal Health Department approved previously this protocol. The statements were analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse method. RESULTS: The analysis of the interviews resulted in four central ideas regarding: energy conservation, structural, personal and social integrity of women. CONCLUSION: Care needs to promote energy conservation, through the women integral care, and not just focused on violence. They emphasized issues such as reception and access to the Health Unit, rescuing the woman's ties with members of their social network.

RESUMEN La violencia contra la mujer es un fenómeno complejo que provoca efectos negativos sobre su salud. El principio de la teoría de enfermería de Levine es mantener o recuperar a la persona (la mujer que vive la violencia) a un estado de salud (lejos de la violencia). OBJETIVO: analizar, desde la óptica de la teoría de enfermería de Levine, la atención de la enfermera a las mujeres que sufrieron violencia. MÉTODO: investigación cualitativa y descriptiva, realizada en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia de Río de Janeiro – Brasil, con once enfermeras que atendieron a mujeres en situación de violencia, en base a las entrevistas llevadas a cabo con un cuestionario semiestructurado. La investigación fue aprobada por el comité de ética en investigación de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro y la Secretaría Municipal de Salud. Los testimonios fueron analizados por el método del discurso del sujeto colectivo. RESULTADOS: el análisis de las entrevistas resultó en cuatro ideas centrales: conservación de la energía, integridad estructural, personal y social de las mujeres. CONCLUSIÓN: los cuidados deben permitir la conservación de energía, por medio de la atención integral a las mujeres, no apenas cuando se enfoca la violencia. Se realzaron asuntos tales como acogida y acceso a la unidad de salud, rescatando vínculos de la mujer con miembros de la red social.

RESUMO A violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo que provoca efeitos negativos sobre sua saúde. O princípio da Teoria de Enfermagem de Levine é manter ou recuperar uma pessoa (a mulher que vivencia a violência) para um estado de saúde (longe da violência). OBJETIVO: analisar, pela ótica da Teoria de Enfermagem de Levine, o atendimento da enfermeira às mulheres que sofreram violência. MÉTODO: pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva realizada na Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Rio de Janeiro – Brasil, com 11 enfermeiras que prestaram atendimento às mulheres em situação de violência, com base em entrevistas utilizando roteiro de perguntas semiestruturado. Pesquisa aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Os depoimentos foram analisados pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. RESULTADOS: a análise das entrevistas resultou em quatro ideias centrais referentes a: conservação de energia, integridade estrutural, pessoal e social das mulheres. CONCLUSÃO: o cuidado precisa possibilitar conservação de energia, por meio da atenção integral às mulheres, e não apenas focado na violência. Enfatizaram questões como acolhimento e acesso à unidade de saúde, resgatando vínculos dessa mulher com membros da rede social.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection associated with behaviors and attitudes of adolescents and young people at an upper secondary school in Rio de Janeiro. Method in this quantitative, descriptive study conducted from May to November 2012, data were collected by questionnaire from 128 women from 15 to 24 years old, and received descriptive statistical treatment, which highlighted demographic, economic and behavioral variables. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Anna Nery School of Nursing, São Francisco de Assis School Hospital, Rio de Janeiro Federal University (protocol No. 030/2011). Results the data indicated resistance to condom use in sexual relations: 81.3% of the women never used condoms in their relationships. Another of the participants’ characteristics highlighted by the study was the use of a condom in the first relation only. Female condoms were not used by the group studied. Conclusion the study shows epidemiological data and important sociocultural issues that indicate the need for in-depth research, as well as the nurses’ playing a role in new educational strategies designed to be effective in changing behavior and attitudes in these population segments.

RESUMEN Objetivo identificar los factores de riesgo para la infección del Virus del Papiloma humano (VPH) asociados a comportamientos y actitudes de los adolescentes y jóvenes de una unidad escolar de enseñanza secundaria de Rio de Janeiro. Método estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, realizado de mayo a noviembre de 2012, junto a 128 mujeres de edad entre 15 y 24 años. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de cuestionario y recibieron tratamiento estadístico descriptivo destacándose en variables demográficas, económicas y conductuales. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery / Hospital Escuela São Francisco de Assis de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, protocolo No 030/2011. Resultados los datos mostraron que hay resistencia al uso de condón durante las relaciones sexuales, siendo que el 81,3% de las mujeres nunca ha usado condón durante las relaciones. El estudio también resaltó como una característica entre las participantes el uso de condón sólo en la primera relación. El preservativo femenino no fue utilizado por el grupo estudiado. Conclusión el estudio muestra datos epidemiológicos y cuestiones socioculturales importantes que indican la necesidad de investigaciones profundizadas, además de la actuación del enfermero en nuevas estrategias educativas con vistas a la efectividad en el cambio de comportamiento y actitud de esos segmentos poblacionales.

RESUMO Objetivo identificar os fatores de risco à infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) associados aos comportamentos e atitudes de adolescentes e jovens de uma unidade escolar de Ensino Médio do Rio de Janeiro. Método estudo quantitativo, descritivo, realizado de maio a novembro de 2012, com 128 mulheres entre 15 e 24 anos. Os dados foram coletados por questionário e receberam tratamento estatístico descritivo, sendo destacados em variáveis demográficas, econômicas e comportamentais. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética de Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery/Hospital Escola São Francisco de Assis da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, mediante protocolo no 030/2011. Resultados os dados apontaram haver resistência ao uso de preservativo nas relações sexuais, sendo que 81,3% das mulheres nunca utilizaram camisinha nas relações. O estudo também destacou como uma das características entre as participantes o uso de preservativo somente na primeira relação. O preservativo feminino não foi utilizado pelo grupo estudado. Conclusão o estudo mostra dados epidemiológicos e questões socioculturais importantes que indicam a necessidade de investigações aprofundadas, além da atuação do enfermeiro em novas estratégias educativas visando à efetividade na mudança de comportamento e atitude desses segmentos populacionais.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients often have gastrointestinal symptoms which may result in malnutrition and a negative impact on their quality of life. Modulation of the gut microbiota can be a strategy to promote host health and homeostasis. Case report: The authors present a case of chronic diarrhea in a hemodialysis (HD) patient with an unknown etiology. After about one year and several failed interventions, synbiotic therapy was performed. The diarrhea episodes ceased after three months of daily supplementation and both biochemical and nutritional parameters improved. Synbyotic therapy promoted clinical benefits in this patient. Discussion: Therefore, this simple therapy may be a promising alternative in CKD and it should be tested in larger studies.

Introducción: los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) a menudo tienen síntomas gastrointestinales que pueden provocar desnutrición y un impacto negativo en su calidad de vida. La modulación de la microbiota intestinal puede ser una estrategia para promover la salud del huésped y la homeostasis. Caso clínico: los autores presentan un caso de diarrea crónica de etiología desconocida en un paciente en hemodiálisis (HD). Después de varias intervenciones fallidas durante un año, se realizó el tratamiento simbiótico. Los episodios de diarrea cesaron después de tres meses de la suplementación diaria y ambos parámetros bioquímicos y nutricionales mejoraron. La terapia con simbióticos promovió beneficios clínicos para este paciente. Discusión: por lo tanto, esta sencilla terapia puede ser una alternativa prometedora en la ERC y debe ser probada en estudios más amplios.

CONTEXTO: A adolescência e a gestação são consideradas fatores de risco para a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). A relação entre essa infecção no colo do útero e na boca num mesmo paciente é controversa. RELATO DE CASO: Descrever o caso de uma adolescente grávida de 16 anos que apresentou a infecção pelo HPV no colo do útero e na boca. Esfregaços foram realizados no colo do útero e em língua/palato. Amostras de biofilme dental também foram coletadas. Para detectar o HPV, foi utilizada a técnica do microarranjo. O HPV 56 foi o subtipo encontrado no esfregaço cervical e o tipo HPV 6 no biofilme dental. CONCLUSÕES: Observamos, nessa adolescente grávida, a presença do HPV na boca e no colo do útero, mas os subtipos virais que infectavam essas duas regiões eram distintos.

CONTEXT: Adolescence and pregnancy are considered to be risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The relationship between this infection in the uterine cervix and oral HPV infection is controversial. CASE REPORT: This report describes a case of a pregnant 16-year-old adolescent who presented HPV infection in the uterine cervix and the mouth. Smears were collected from the cervix and the tongue/palate. Dental biofilm samples were also collected. The microarray technique was used to detect HPV. The HPV 56 subtype was observed in the cervical smear and HPV 6 in dental biofilm. CONCLUSION: In this pregnant adolescent, HPV infection was present in both the cervix and the mouth, but the HPV subtypes infecting these two areas were different.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and its association with oral candidiasis and clinical parameters of periodontitis (CPP) in HIV-infected patients. METHODS: Periodontal examinations for the 113 HIV-infected patients were recorded using the Community Periodontal Index. A cytological smear from the lateral borders of the tongue was performed to evaluate candidiasis. RESULTS: The frequency of hypovitaminosis D was 23.9%. In multivariate analysis, only the duration of exposure to HIV was associated with CPP [OR 4.72 (95% CI: 0.97-23.00)]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 23.9% and was not related with oral candidiasis or CPP.

Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of infections and HIV-infected individuals are frequently susceptible to this pathogen. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to identify both the risk factors associated with colonization/infection by methicillin-resistant S. aureus in HIV patients and the methods used for characterization of isolates. An electronic search of articles published between January 2001 and December 2013 was first conducted. Among 116 studies categorized as being at a quality level of A, B or C, only 9 studies were considered to have high methodological quality (level A). The majority of these studies were retrospective (4/9 studies). The risk factors associated with colonization/infection by S. aureus were use of antimicrobials (4/9 studies), previous hospitalization (4/9 studies) and low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (<200 cells/μl) (3/9 studies). Culture in mannitol salt agar (3/9 studies) and the latex agglutination test (5/9 studies) were the main methods used for bacterial phenotypic identification. Genotypic profiles were accessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (6/9 studies) and USA300 was the most prevalent lineage (5/9 studies). Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (3/9 studies) and susceptible to vancomycin (4/9 studies). Ultimately, use of antimicrobials and previous hospitalization were the main risk factors for colonization/infection by methicillin-resistant S. aureus in HIV-infected individuals. However, the numbers of evaluated patients, the exclusion and inclusion criteria and the characterization of the S. aureus isolates were not uniform, which made it difficult to establish the characteristics associated with HIV patients who are colonized/infected by S. aureus.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of periradicular lesions in HIV-infected Brazilian patients and to assess the correlation of several factors with the periradicular status. METHOD: One hundred full-mouth periapical radiographs were evaluated. A total of 2,214 teeth were evaluated for the presence of periradicular lesions, caries lesions, coronal restorations, pulp cavity exposure and endodontic treatment. RESULTS: The prevalence of periradicular lesions was 46%. There were no significant differences between individuals with or without periradicular lesions with respect to their socio-demographic status, habits, laboratory data and route of HIV infection. However, the presence of a periradicular lesion was statistically correlated with the number of teeth with endodontic treatment (p = 0.018), inadequate endodontic treatment (p = 0.025), images suggesting pulp cavity exposure (p = 0.002) and caries lesions (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of periradicular lesions in HIV-infected individuals was 46% and was not related to HIV infection.

INTRODUCTION: Some viruses of the Herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8) in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors. METHODS: The cells of oral mucosa were collected from 50 HIV infected children/adolescents, 3-13 years old (mean age 8.66). The majority (66%) of selected were girls, and they were all outpatients at the pediatric AIDS clinic of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Nested-PCR was used to identify the viral types. RESULTS: Absence of immunosuppression was observed in 66% of the children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used by 72.1% of selected and moderate viral load was observed in 56% of the children/adolescents. Viral types were found in 86% of the children and the subtypes were: HSV-1 (4%), HSV-2 (2%), VZV (4%), EBV (0%), HCMV (24%), HHV6 (18%), HHV-7 (68%), HHV8 (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART has helped to reduce oral lesions, especially with herpes virus infections. The health professionals who work with these patients should be aware of such lesions because of their predictive value and the herpes virus can be found circulating in the oral cavity without causing lesions.